Martha Grahams choreography

Martha Grahams choreography Discuss how the choreography of Martha Graham or Merce Cunningham reflected the changing contexts in which her/his work was produced. Martha Graham (1894-1991) was a truly inspirational and revolutionary performer and choreographer throughout the 20th century. Her work was a great influence to people from all aspects of the arts, from famous stage actors to painters, composers, sculptors and of course choreographers. Over Grahams seventy year long career she created a great many one hundred and eighty one pieces. (States http://www.innovationpark.psu.edu/coolblue/events/martha-graham-dance-company-clytemnestra last accessed 05/01/2010) These were an important influence for many people. She changed the way many perceive and interpret dance. It was 1910 when Graham was sixteen that she first laid eyes on an enthralling dance piece. It was seeing Ruth St. Denis at a performance of her famous solos The Cobras, Radha, Nautch and Egypta, in Los Angeles that caught her attention. Graham knew from this point on that this new, defining concept of dance with bare feet and natural flow is what she wanted to devote her life to. Due to her persistent and determined nature, she refused to conform to the social normalities of ballet within contemporary dance. It was 1926 when Graham formed the Martha Graham Dance Company. She veered off from the strict form of traditional ballet and led the way for a new language of dance which was based on her own principles of dance as an inner expression. With this ideology she focused more on significant movement than on classical technique, the likes of which ballet demands. She loved the form of precise movements of the body and she was set to faà §ade classical dance moves. She would go on to do this through her expressionistic work. Many of her performances would involve a rather racy theme, or something that was very rare for the period in which it was created. She also reflected what was going on around her socially. When discussing Grahams use of contraction and release, for which she was so well known, Susie Cooper (2009) states, Graham developed the movements of breathing contraction and release as the basis for her movement vocabulary and technique. When breaking down the dance of Graham I think Merle Armitage said it best; The dance of Martha Graham is neither literally (story telling in the allegorical sense) nor is it symbolic. It is a pure art of the dancea play of form which in itself is significant and provocativea language of its own, not a hand-maiden of another art form. Perhaps it is the first uninfluenced American dance expression, wholly disarming in its simplicity but curiously profound in its complexity. (Armitage, M. 1969 Martha Graham the early years. Da Capo Press, Inc.) Graham was greatly influenced by her father. Dr Graham was a physician who showed particular interest in the way people moved and used their bodies. This state of mind was passed on to his daughter and later on in her life she used to state his favoured dictum movement never lies.Graham was inspired by many different sources ranging from paintings and artwork to Greek mythology, Native American ceremonies and the American Frontier. Most of her truly memorable roles depict grand and significant women in history. Such as Clytemnestra, Jocasta, Medea, Phaedra and Joan of Arc.Lamentation is Grahams dance from 1930. It is a solo choreography which shows the struggle of human emotion and is a visual counterpart to the contemporary architecture that was beginning to grace the skyline of New York in a new and exciting way. Graham describes her piece as; a solo piece in which I wear a long tube of material to indicate the tragedy that obsesses the body, the ability to stretch inside your own skin, to witness and test the perimeters and boundaries of grief, which is honourable and universal. (Graham, M. 1991 Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.) Many of her movements in this piece are from a grounded position and slowly contract and release to an upward position, much like the building and construction of a skyscraper. For example she is sitting on the edge of a bench and contracts from side to side and then arches into a high release which represents the rise of a building. As the dance progresses Grahams movements become a lot faster and angular. This shows the speed and contemporary design that the buildings were being built. It seems safe to assume that her fundamental aim is to allow the power and energy of the living world to filter through and animate her work. (Armitage, M. 1969 Martha Graham the early years. Da Capo Press, Inc.) Chronicle (1936) brought upon a new period of contemporary dance. Completely danced by women, serious issues were brought to light for the first time. It is a preface to war, devastation, destruction and seclusion. It showed Grahams anti-war stance. It was a counterpart to events such as the great depression. It was an iconic step forward in modern dance. Clytemnestra (1958) was considered by many to be Grahams masterpiece. It was an evening long performance, her largest scale work that she ever produced. Composed by Halim El-Dabh. The piece is based on an ancient Greek story about Queen Clytemnestra. It involves love affairs and sacrifice of her daughter. This was a very symbolic piece, use of red material as costume and props for the entrance to the Queens bedchamber. Graham had used material before in Lamentation but not in a design way, so Isamu Noguchi incorporated it within the design. (Graham, M. 1991 Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.)Graham collaborated with many artists and visionaries alike. (The following are just to name a few.) Many of whom influenced her work and she in turn influenced them. Isamu Noguchi was a famous sculptor and was a good friend of Grahams and created many of her sets for her pieces. Graham was often compared to many famous artists by society. Her affect on dance was thought upon like Stravinskys music, Picassos paintings or Frank Lloyd Wrights architecture. One of the foremost composers of the time, Aaron Copland, worked with Graham. Copland was known to incorporate jazz music and folk music into his compositions, a revolutionary design for the time. This was then shown through Grahams pieces, for example, Appalachian Spring (1944), one of Grahams well known dances, had a brand new score created for it by Copland. This was a revolutionary piece both in the style of the choreography and of the music. Appalachian Spring was Grahams piece based on a springtime celebration of the American pioneers of the 19th century after they build a new farmhouse. Other composers were William Schuman, who composed Night Journey (1947) for Graham, Samuel Barber composed Frescoes (1978/79). Louis Horst was another of Grahams most valued composers, also known to be Grahams closest adviser on choreographic and creative issues. Graham collaborated with the famous designer Roy Halston Frowick, who created the costumes for some of her later works. He was one of the most proclaimed designers of the seventies. The first time Graham collaborated with Halston was on her work Lucifer (1975), which starred Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev. Lucifer was a reference to the light bearer of biblical times. When talking about this piece Graham states; Many people have asked me why I did Lucifer with Rudolf Nureyev. Lucifer is the bringer of light. When he fell from grace he mocked Gosh. He became half god, half man. As half man, he knew mens fears, anguish, and challenges. He became the god of light. Any artist is the bringer of light. Thats why I did with Nureyev. Hes a god of light.And Margot Fonteyn was such a glorious complement to him at it. Luminous as night. When I first saw Margot Fonteyn she was a great and beautiful figure. The magic of Margots presence is an elusiveness of spirit that defies description (Graham, M. 1991. Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.) Grahams final performance in which she danced was her work Cortege of Eagles (1967). It is one of her Greek mythology drawn pieces. It is about Hecuba reliving the massacre of the Trojan War. It is a very dramatic based piece focusing on the internal actions and ideals of Hecuba. It is not as investigative as her earlier Greek mythology drawn pieces. It has a focus to emotions and presence more than movement of Graham herself. Instead the actions are carried out by the chorus of dancers. As if they were playing out Hecubas memories. Martha Graham is still celebrated today as one of the most important performers and choreographers of all time. Maple Leaf Rag (1990) was Grahams last choreographed work with a score by Scott Joplin and Calvin Kleins costumes. Graham was working on a piece called The Eye of the Goddess before her death in 1991. It was her new ballet for the Olympic Games in Barcelona. So many of her students became choreographers and company leaders and took a certain aspect of her work with them. Merce Cunningham is a prime example, and this is one of the reasons why we still get to see a lot of her style of work today. Graham changed the concept of what we know as contemporary/modern dance. If not for her, many ideas of how we perceive dance would not exist in the present day. Some found Grahams work ugly and hateful; others called it a revolutionary masterpiece. People have asked me why I chose to be a dancer. I did not choose. I was chosen to be a dancer, and with that, you live all your life. (Graham, M. 1991. Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.) Bibliography Books Horosko, M. 2002 Martha Graham: The Evolution of Her Dance Theory and Training. University press of Florida. Armitage, M. 1969 Martha Graham the Early Years. Da Capo Press, Inc. Graham, M. 1991 Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition. DVDs/Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEvcP-vXk4M (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgf3xgbKYko (Last accessed on 12/11/09) DVD Martha Graham in Performance. Kultur. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFNsKeMbW20 (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://community.ovationtv.com/_Martha-Graham-A-Dancer-Revealed/video/251083/16878.html (Last accessed on 06/01/10) Websites http://www.studio360.org/americanicons/episodes/2006/01/07 (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://www.cmi.univ-mrs.fr/~esouche/dance/Lamentation.html (Last accessed on 12/11/09) http://www.dancehelp.com/articles/modern-dance/martha-graham.aspx (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://www.pitt.edu/~gillis/dance/martha.html (Last accessed on 26/11/09) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/aaron-copland/about-the-composer/475/ (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/martha-graham/about-the-dancer/497/ (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/isamu-noguchi/about-isamu-noguchi/675/ (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Spring (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.studio360.org/americanicons/episodes/2006/01/07 (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-horst-1 (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schuman (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://marthagraham.org/resources/about_martha_graham.php (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.innovationpark.psu.edu/coolblue/events/martha-graham-dance-company-clytemnestra (Last accessed on 05/01/10) http://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/06/arts/the-dance-martha-graham-s-cortege-of-eagles.html?pagewanted=1 (Last accessed on (05/01/10) http://www.exploredance.com/marthagraham2103.php (Last accessed on 05/01/10) http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/47790.Martha_Graham (Last accessed on 06/01/10)

Banks and Credit System of Exchange Essay

Definition of Banks—Banks are financial institutions that help people to save and borrow money.In a growing economy, the banks help to create a new pool of money to be ised for other economic activities.They complement the money or cash system of exchange with the system of credit. History of Banking in the Philippines During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos also saved and borrowed money, but usually this was done by families, relatives of tribal leaders.The oldest written relic of our precolonial past is the famous Laguna Copperplate inscriptin (LCI), which contains a record of a debt payment in 900A.D.It proves that we have a longt tradition of honoring our debts in our culture. Modern banking, as we know it, really began with the coming of the Europeans. The first credit organizations were the Obras Pias(pious work), created by the Spanish colonial government starting in the 16th century. It is interesting to know that the early Catholics in the Philippines were taught how to tithe(give 10 percent of income to the church).Thus, thye early church in the Philippines was able to collect a fund od money, and its growth and good works increased tremendously. The first general bank in Southeast Asia was the Banco Espaà ±ol-Filipino (now known as Bank of the Philippine Islands), which opened in 1851.It was given authority to issue bank notes.Soon, other banks were opened.The Catholic Church anf their trustees owned and operated most banks during the Spanish colonial period. During the American period, more banks began operations. In 1906, the government established postal savings banks all over the country to bring banking closer to the people.This Promoted the habit of thrift and savings among low-income groups. Now Americans, Chinese and Filipinos also entered the picture. In 1916 the philippine National Bank was organized. Other banks which followed were the China Banking Corporation and the Philippine Bank of Commerce.Before World War II there were 17 banks in the country. The PNB and Postal banks were owned by the Catholic Church and religious organizations, and two by Filipinos and others. The Japanese m,ilitary occupation in 1941-45 briefly restructed Philippine banking. Only Japanese and their Filipino sympathizers were allowed to operate banks. In 1946, after independence, the otigins of our modern banking system were established. Prewar banks were re-opened and resumed operations. The Central Banking Act was passed in 1948. Today, there are thousands of banks all over the country, and some Filipino banks have opened branches abroad. Tyhe Volume of banking services has also increased, as more and more services are being offered. Among these services are car loans, time deposits, automatic tellers, dreive-in windows, night depository, safe deposit boxes, payroll handling, automatic debits, and many more. KINDS OF BANKS There are different kinds of banks as follows: 1. Rural banks-These are located mostly in the countryside. The government encourages the establishment of these small banks in order to bring asavings and banking closer to people in the provinces. For example, a group may set up a rural bank with P20 million capital outside of metro Manila or cities; but p50 million is needed for a bank in the city. The main reason for rural banks is to help farmers with agricultural loans. In 1994, the Pagsanjan Rural Bank founded by Victor Zaide cabreza and Soledad Benitez Cabreza, won the award fo â€Å"Outstanding Rural Bank in he Philippines† 2. Savings and loan association—These small banks gather savings and invest them in long term securities, such as housing loans. A good example is the Monte de Piedad Bank. 3.Special government banks—The Philippine government established several bnks to handle specific duties involving its financial projects.For example, after the war, the Rehabilitation and Finance Corporation (RFC) was created to receive postwar reconstuction funds ang give financial aid to the war-damaged economy. The RFG eventually beame the Development bank of the Philippines (DBP). The Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) helps the government implement the land reform program. The Philippine Amanah Bank was organized in 1970s to cater for the growing economic needs of Muslim Filpinos. The government may also operate postal banks within selected post iffides around the country. Many small savers and children like to use postal banks because it is closer and more familiar to them. 4.Commercial banks—These make up the biggest banking group, and comprises nearly 50% of the total banking resources in the country. The main function of this type is to supply the circulating capital for the economy in the form of short-term loans.Example are the Philippine National Bank, Metrobank, BPI, FarEast Bank and Trust Company and others. 6.Universal Bank- Also known as a ful-service bank, a universal bank provides more servies than a commercial bank. Banks which have reached a capitalixation of P50 million or more can apply for a universal banking liscence. A universal bank can make more investments and lending.It can act as an investment house, a savings bank etc. It can invest directlyin private companies. Several banks are iniversal banks, starting with the Philipine National Bank, republic Planters Bank, United Cocunot Planters Bank, Allied Bank, PCIB, BPI, Far East Bank and Trust Company, and Metrobank. 6. international banks—As the name says international banks have operations in more than one country. Some Filipino bamks have branches in other countries, e.e. PNB, FEBTC, etc. Similarly, some foreign banks have branches in the Philippines, e.g. Hongkong ang Shanghai Chartered Bank, Citibank, Australia New Zealand, etc. Apart from the private banks, thee are government-owned banks, such as the International Bank for Reconstrucyion and Development (IBRD or World Bank) ased in Washington, D.C.; the Asian Development Bank (ABD) based in Metro Manila; the Bank of International Settkements (BIS) based in Basle, Switzerland. The Uses or Function of Banks— The services of banks are: 1.To accept aand guard deposits of money.People go to a bank because they trust that their money will not be stolen inside.ThePhilippine Deposit Insurace Corporation (PDIC) encures each depositor’s money up to a limit. In case the bank closes doen or is robbed, the depositor will still get their money bacl up to a fixed limit. In turn, the bank keeps a written list of the deposit in a savings book, a monthly statement or a certificate . For the right to use the money, the banks pay interest. 2. to lend money. Banks led money to qualified clients. in this way, the bank earns interest and profits. loans are ofdifferent kinds: are short-term. Loans may also be typedaccording to purpose( car loan, housing loan, business loan etc.) This may be a property title, which the bank can get in case the loan is not paid. Next, bigl loans must have a co- signer or one who will guarantee to pay the loan if the borrower defaults 9faiks to pay). 3.To remit and collect money. Banks als transfer or collect money for clients. for example, overseas contract workers can send their remittances to family through a bank to be picked up in Manila by the relative. A businesman can pay for a supply ordered from abroad through a local bank which send the payment to the foreign supplier. Usually, a bank has a correspondent bank abroad in case it does not have branches ther. Banks accept checks, bank dreafts or telegraphic transfers from other banks, according to certain conditions. 4..To perform legal roles like supervising a business, managing a private

How Do Individuals Manage Their Unavoidable Fate By Using...

Essential Question: How do individuals manage their unavoidable fate by using the way in which they reply to it? Why I prepared a visual: ideas of my undertaking is definitely gained from film Stranger Than Fiction which has contained masses of topics consisting of love (romance), human instinct, critic of actual international, all of these dramatic (cinematic) aspects can be associated with our lives within the actual existence that s complete of adversities specially originated from relationship among people. character development Harold Crick: Harold Crick is first delivered to the viewer as a man of order. barely OCD, Harold brushes his teeth a positive amount of strokes a day, ties his tie a sure way, and wears a neatly pressed†¦show more content†¦Harold starts to break unfastened from his original recurring and begins doing things he has continually wanted to (ex. gambling the guitar). Harold’s values shift, adding extra compassion and love, and an extra careless mindset. Harold chose to include his destiny and make the most of every opportunity he had in his gift existence. Ana Pascal: Ana Pascal is delivered at the beginning of the film as a tough, robust headed character. She has no hassle now not conforming by way of fending off to pay her taxes. She has robust beliefs, and will stand by them whatever the cost may be. She runs her bakery herself and works difficult at her task. irrespective of the harsh manner she first treats Harold, her soft side shines thru when she is visible giving out unfastened espresso and a cookie to a homeless guy who frequents her save. because the film progresses, greater of Ana’s unfastened spirit is brought ahead. in the beginning inferred from her tattoo, her fun, and almost carefree mind-set is shown as her and Harold start to get close. even as falling for Harold, her compassion grows and is visible especially from the scene in which she especially bakes Harold cookies. much like Harold, her individual does exchange from the beginning for ending of the film. Her values live similarly (ex. warding off the charge of her tax es), but, she does melt up and come to be much less vital of society. color,

Relevance of Teamwork to Human Resource - 2446 Words

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